The Importance of Ideas in The Tempest Essay - 1252 Words

The Importance of Ideas in The Tempest Shakespeares play, The Tempest, is constructed on a framework of ideas rather than on any dramatic principle. It is ideas that are presented throughout, and the play is built around the presentation of these themes -- themes such as the argument over whether nature is superior to nurture or vice versa (as in the case of Caliban and Antonio, the first being one on whom all efforts at nurture can never stick due to the inherent baseness of his nature, the second being one whom neither nature nor nurture has availed to deter him from consciously choosing evil), the moral duties of the sovereign (in the case of Prospero and Alonso, both of whom have to go through physical or emotional†¦show more content†¦However, upon closer scrutiny, this would be excessive. The characters, while perhaps symbolic, are never purely so; and by suggesting that they symbolize abstract ideas would be to detract from the richness of the characters in question, for they are seldom symbolic to the ext ent of being allegorical. They are, firstly, not flat characters in Forsters sense (i.e. that they do not develop in the course of the play), the exceptions being comparatively minor characters like Antonio, Gonzalo, Ferdinand, Miranda, and the lower characters like Stephano and Trinculo. Prospero learns the necessity of a rulers knowing the limitations of his subjects and acting accordingly; the necessity of relinquishing his Art in order to fit in with the rest of humanity, from whom he has been separated, both directly and indirectly, by his Art; the necessity of forgiveness, amongst other things. He develops from being a slightly equivocal figure who may be plotting to wreak his vengeance on Antonio and Alonso and who conjures up a storm, symbol of chaos, to being the enlightened, magnanimous figure of Act V. He changes from a paranoid tyrant-figure in his gross overreaction to Ariels civil request that he remember his promise to free him in Act I Scene II to the speaker of th e benevolent, even affectionate words My Ariel, chick, / That is thy charge: then to the elements / Be free, and fare thou well!Show MoreRelatedEssay Elements of the Masque in The Tempest1005 Words   |  5 Pages The Tempest was written when masques were becoming exceedingly popular in England, and were often performed at weddings to honor marriages. 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The very first scene, Act I scene i, is that of a shipRead More Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Harmony in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest takes place.   This is one of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion.   To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based.   Because this play was published in the early 1600sRead More Essay on the Setting in Shakespeares The Tempest1072 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Setting in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s enchanted island in The Tempest is a restorative pastoral setting, a place where ‘no man was his own’ and a place that offers endless possibilities to the people that arrive on it’s shores. Although the actual location of the island is not known, the worlds of Seneca aptly describe it’s significance to the play – it represents the ‘bounds of things, the remotest shores of the world’. On the boundary of reality, the island partakes of bothRead MoreKings Speech Intertextuality1357 Words   |  6 PagesKing’s Speech is a 2010 movie directed by Tom Hooper which explores the plight of Prince Albert, who has an awful speech impediment, in his reluctant ascension to the throne. Intertextual references to specific external texts, such as Peter Pan, the Tempest, Swanee River and Hamlet, are used proficiently throughout the film to examine and emphasise a range of broader themes of duty, friendship and overcoming challenges. There are many times Bertie is overwhelmed by his duty to the royal family. A senseRead More A Comparison of Wealth in Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Wealth in Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Wealth and it’s relationship to poverty figures in heavily in two of the plays we have read thus far in class. In both Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest we are treated to characters and situations that deal with wealth and poverty. Specifically however, both plays have visions of an abundance of wealth that seems at times both corruptible and foolish. In Antony and Cleopatra we have their excessive behavior and flauntingRead MoreEssay on Themes in the Tempest1290 Words   |  6 PagesThemes in the Tempest       The Tempest is generally considered to be Shakespeares last sole-authored play. The play draws a number of oppositions, some of which it dramatises, and some of which it only implies. Prospero, a figure exhibiting many resemblances to the Elizabethan idea of the Mage, (of whom the best known is probably Dr. John Dee), is opposed to both his corrupt brother, usurper of his role as Duke of Milan, and to Sycorax, an evil witch and mother of the deformed slave CalibanRead MoreEssay on Importance of Setting in Shakespeares The Tempest1275 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Setting in The Tempest  Ã‚   The island of magic and mystery that Shakespeare creates in The Tempest is an extraordinary symbol of both the political and social realities of his contemporary society, and of the potential for a reformed New World. Shakespeare’s island is a creation which allows the juxtaposition of real and idealised worlds, and shows his audience both what they and what they ought to be. The seventeenth century was a time of ideological upheaval in Europe, with MedievalRead MoreThe Culture Of The And The Tempest By William Shakespeare981 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful influence on the people inhabiting that space, an influence that alters inhabitants to varying degrees. Through the writings of Kant, Montaigne, and Shakespeare–in particular their works What is Enlightenment?, Of Cannibals, and The Tempest, respectively–this idea of cultural influence is able to take shape. Culture is something that all people carry with them, pieces of places and people they have known and gr oups to which they have been a member. The natural state of people is twisted by cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Linklater s The Tempest 896 Words   |  4 Pagess life. The play The Tempest written by William Shakespeare encompasses many personal discoveries, which lead to consideration of the authority the characters rightfully possess and the importance of forgiveness and reconciliation in their lives. Similarly the modern film Boyhood directed by Richard Linklater, also explores these ideas, however, they are depicted in relation to growing from childhood to adulthood and developing an individual ethical compass. In The Tempest, Shakespeare uses UsurpationRead MoreThe Tempest Character Analysis1047 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective. In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Prospero comes to realise not only the limitations of his power, but also the importance of love and redemption in redefining one’s place in the world, as well as one’s view of it. 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Analyzing Michelangelo Antonionis Blow Up Essay - 1705 Words

Film 1B03 - T08 Michelangelo Antonioni was an acclaimed Italian film director, revered for his contributions to the discipline of cinema. In many ways, Michelangelo Antonioni has revolutionized the realm of art cinema and is responsible for the foundations that the style now rests upon. One of his most influential films was titled Blow Up. In his first English language film, Antonioni examines themes of perception and reality, especially in regard to society and the individual. This film has continuous markings of an art film from the opening sequence to the final credits. In order to analyze the film’s style we must be aware of the criteria that define and differentiate the art and narrative models. In many art films narrative†¦show more content†¦During this scene there are several elements conforming to the criteria of an art film. First, the reappearance of Hemmings’ ‘wife’ and her claim that she is in Paris is surprising and confusing. This interactio n adds a sense of confusion and detracts from and already limited amount of information and understanding available to the viewer. The plot-line between Hemmings and his model ‘wife’ is made clear to be of no use to function of the film, only as an event leading to nothing. It is also in this party that the protagonist confronts his publisher about his discovery. His disregard for the subject matter can be interpreted as society’s care free ideology and false reality. This is made explicitly evident when Ron tells Thomas that he is not a photographer, implying he does not care about his quest. Ron, by choosing to ignore the facts presented before him, is making himself ignorant in an attempt to carry on a life of uninterrupted pleasure. This removal from reality is one of the fundamental issues recurrent in this film. Hemmings is faced with a choice between what is moral and what is comfortable. The moral choice is more difficult and requires him to sacri fice precious time and effort in order to do what is right. The

Critical Issues Facing the Airline Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Issues Facing the Airline Industry. Answer: Introduction Like any other industry airline industry is faced with quite a number of issues that need to be addressed. The African and American airlines are experiencing difficulties to survive in their best time like in the years 2015 and 2016, (Burestein Rose, 2014, p. 63). Most Countries in Asia, Europe and those in the Middle East operate below the cost of capital that the shareholders and the partners are expected to contribute. The shareholders are expected to reach a certain rate on the invested capital which only the Americans have shown a return on invested capital that is above average, (Teneja, 2017, p. 4). In this essay, the issues that affect the airline industries are discussed as follows: Issues Facing the Airline Industry. Cyclical nature of airline industries Global airline industries follow a business cycle of 8 to 9 years where it goes through a peak and an off-peak period. There are several factors that explain the above phenomenon. During the peak period, the airline industries make large profits, the labor unions become active and the labor charges rise thus increasing the operation cost incurred, (Akamavi et al., 2015, p. 528). Also during this peak period, the airlines have already gained enough profit and they begin to place orders for new aircrafts so as to remain ahead of the competition. The industries borrow financial assistance from financial institutions thus making the cost of interest to rise, the bottom line is affected and the shareholders are forced to return on investment, (Akamavi et al., 2015, p. 528). Decrease of global economy The growth of airline industries goes hand in hand with the growth of the global economy. A decrease in the growth of the global economy normally results into a fall in the airline industries, (Morrison, 2014, p. 15). For example, in the United States of America, the interest rates are currently at the lowest ebb and might begin to increase resulting in a decrease in the growth of the global economy. Moreover, the international trade growth which is already decreasing will further slowdown thus leading to a negative effect in the airline industry, (Teneja, 2017, p. 12). Fuel, technology, and environment The price of fuel has decreased from 140 dollars in 2009 to 2010. In the European and the American countries, the fuel cost is the second largest cost incurred after the labor costs, however, in Asia, the fuel cost is the highest followed by the labor cost, (Draft Albers, 2013, p. 47). In the airline industries, fuel accounts for around 40 percent of the operating costs. Although fuel prices can never be stable, a decrease in the fuel prices is one of the major reasons why the airline industries have been able to rebound, (Draft Albers, 2015, p. 3). Due to the introduction of advanced technology, the engines, and the crafts have been developed which in return has resulted in a reduction in fuel consumption to around 35litres, (Lawton, 2017, p. 12). The 35 liters of fuel consumed is used to transport 100 tons in one kilometer which is a great decrease to one and a half decades ago where 110 liters of fuel were used to transport the 100 tons in one kilometer, (Lawton, 2017, p. 12). Also through new technology certain aircrafts like B-787 and A350 use 20 to 30% less fuel than the aircraft they would replace. An increase in airline capacity will result to environmental damage because of the carbon emitted. The new technology aircraft will do less damage to the environment compared to the old aircraft.in Europe, the introduction of a carbon tax is a major step to motivate industries in coming up with a solution to avoid environmental damage, (Lohmann Koo, 2013, p. 8). Restrictive bilateral regimes The airline business is still among the most regulated industries globally since the emergence of the bilateralism in the year 1944, (Morrison, 2014, p. 13). Most of the states in the world have agreed to accept the open skies bilateral air services. However, some of the countries are still opposed to the idea due to primary pressure from the national airlines. Those states that are against the skies bilateral services are not able to privatize their national airlines due to socio-political reasons, (Teneja, 2017, p. 13). There are also some restrictions regarding shareholding in some parts of the world. For example, states like the Middle East do not allow foreign investment in their airlines. Airspace and airport capacity In busy airports, the arriving aircrafts have to wait for several minutes in the air for their turn to land. During the waiting period cost of around 12% of fuel in average is consumed, (Akamavi et al., 2015, p. 540). Solutions to address the above issues Creation of landing and departure routes The runaway capacity needs to be advanced using the new technology. Through the modern technology, the separation distance between the arrivals and the departures will be reduced, the airport capacity will be increased by creating an exit for the taxiways along the runways. Also, they will separate the arrival and the departure routes hence facilitating continuous descend approach and continuous ascend departures, (Burenstein Rose, 2014, p. 68). This in return will lower fuel consumption and the carbon emitted. Introduction of carbon tax Just like Europe, countries with the airline industries should embrace the use of carbon tax to avoid environmental damage. The carbon tax may force the industries to recycle the carbon being released into the air, (Lawton, 2017, p. 21). Therefore, fewer carbon gases will be released into the air leading to less of air pollution. Awareness of off-peak and peak periods in the industry The airline businesses should be informed about the off-peak and the peak periods so as to avoid falling of the business during the off-peak seasons, (Teneja, 2017, p. 15). During the peak seasons, the profits realized should be used by the industries to cater for the costs during the off-peak period. Maintaining the interest rates of the economy By maintaining the interest rates the global economy will not slow down and the same way the airline business will also not decrease, (Burestein Rose, 2014, p. 132). Conclusion In conclusion, in airline businesses, there are many complicated technologies that can be a burden if not addressed. Due to the sudden changes in technology over the years, the management in the airline industries should ensure that they are updated with the changes that are occurring due to technology. With this, they will curb all the difficulties and also be ahead in terms of competition since they will be having the newest and modern aircrafts produced in the world. Customers will also come in large numbers as they will be eager to use the new technology that has arrived. References Akamavi, R.K., Mohamed, E., Pellmann, K. Xu, Y., 2015. Key Determinants of Passenger Loyalty in the Low-Cost Airline Business. Tourism Management, 46, Pp.528-545. Borenstein, S. Rose, N.L., 2014. How Airline Markets Work or do they? Regulatory Reform in the Airline industry. In Economic Regulation and its Reform: What Have We Learned? (pp. 63-135). University of Chicago Press. Daft, J. Albers, S., 2013. A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Airline Business Model Convergence. Journal of Air Transport Management, 28, Pp.47-54. Daft, J. Albers, S., 2015. An Empirical Analysis of Airline Business Model Convergence. Journal of Air Transport Management, 46, Pp.3-11. Lawton, T.C., 2017. Cleared For Take-Off: Structure and Strategy in The Low Fare Airline Business. Routledge. Pp. 12-28. Lohmann, G. And Koo, T.T., 2013. The Airline Business Model Spectrum. Journal of Air Transport Management, 31, Pp.7-9. Morrison, M., 2014. The Power Of Two: After a Near-Failure to Launch in the 1970s, a Boeing Over Gave CFM an Unstoppable Momentum, Putting the Joint Venture at the Forefront of the Narrowbody Engine Market. Airline Business, 30(8). Pp. 12-18 Taneja, N.K., 2017. Driving Airline Business Strategies through Emerging Technology. Routledge. Pp. 4-15

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

Architecture history is an interesting subject in which we how art has evolved over centuries from Neolithic architecture of 10000 BC to the contemporary architectural designs. The existence of this history shows the gradual evolvement of the art to what the world has today. Each of the architectural designs has its own outstanding and unique features that make them stand as original.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Romanesque and Gothic Architecture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this history, we can take note of the Romanesque architecture of the Medieval Europe between sixth and 10th century. Two centuries later, it evolved into Gothic architecture that lasted for four centuries to 16th century (Bony, 1983, p. 13). Apart from these being history, there have specific architectural elements that are of use and can help us appreciate these pieces of art for what they are- pure architecture (Tatton-b rown John, 2002, p.35). The aim of writing this paper is to outline specific outstanding features of these two giants in the history of architecture in view of borrowing some of those elements and incorporating them in the contemporary architecture. Romanesque Architecture According to the oxford dictionary, the word â€Å"Romanesque† means â€Å"descended from Roman† and used to denote the roman languages. In architecture, the term first described architectural designs in west Europe from the fifth to the thirteenth centuries. The term is used to describe a style that was identifiably of medieval origin and prefigured in the Gothic, but still maintained the rounded Roman arch that made it appear to be a continuation of the traditional building style of the Romans (Hall, 1983, 154). In the contemporary society, the term ‘Romanesque Architecture’ refers to the works of art that were prevalent between the 10th and 12th century. Specific elements of Romanesq ue Architecture Two periods usually classify the Romanesque architecture. These are â€Å"first Romanesque† style and â€Å"Romanesque† style. The major distinction between the two is the level of expertise in which the structures are constructed (Crossley, 1962, p. 65). The First Romanesque used features like rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs while the second Romanesque is marked by greater refinement, together with the more use of the vault and dressed stone.Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, the utilization of all the design aspects of Romanesque architecture not only results in an impressive piece of work but also reflect the solidity of art. The outstanding difference between the preceding roman and the later Gothic is that the Romanesque architecture relies on its wall or part of its walls called piers for strength. Walls The ma jor aspects that are characteristic of the walls constructed for buildings based on Romanesque architectural designs are their small openings as well as their thickness. They are made of double shells whose main constituent is rubble. Different regions of the world have different building materials. This depends on the nature of the locally available stones as well the traditions that govern buildings’ designs in any given locality. The stone ranges from brick, limestone, and granite to flint. The style involves small irregular stones bedded in thick mortar (Fletcher, 2001, p.56). Smooth ashlars’ masonry is not commonly used. It only occurred mainly in areas where people used easily workable limestone. Buttresses These are not an outstanding feature because of the massive-size walls of the architectural design. A flat square profile is one of the major characteristics of the buttresses among other aspects that are specific to the design of the wall(s) (Holmes, 1992, p. 122). Some of the elements that architects employ in the construction of buttresses include barrel vaults, which can be either full or half depending on the design of the buttresses in question. This mostly applies in the construction of aisles in churches-the vaulted ones. Arches and openings The other feature that is outstanding in the Romanesque is the use of semi- circular arches for all openings such as doors, windows, for arcades and for vaults. Wide doorways are in most cases surmounted by a semi-circular arch, however, exceptions exist in cases where doors with lintels are set into large arched recess and surmounted by semi-circular â€Å"lunettes† with decorative carvings (Holmes, 1992, p. 126). In other places like Italy and Germany, Ocular windows are common.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Romanesque and Gothic Architecture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arcades According to Fletch er, arcades mainly comprise of rows of arches (2001, p. 65). To enhance the stability of the arches, architects employ columns or piers. They form an integral part of the interior parts of large buildings besides occurring in cloisters and atriums. Their major role is to separate the nave from the aisle especially in church buildings. Traditionally the arcade of cloister is of a single stage, while the arcade that divides the aisles and nave is traditionally of two stages, and a third stage of windows (clerestory) rising above them (Holmes, 1992, p. 130). Traditionally, the purpose of arcading is to fulfill structural purpose but it is also use for decorative purpose both internally and externally. Piers In Romanesque architectural designs, architects employ piers to offer support to the other components of a building especially the arches. Though they are typically of rectangular shape, piers can take forms that are more complex with half-segments of large hollow-core columns on th e inner surface that supports the arch, or clusters of smaller shafts that lead into the arch ‘mouldings’ (Fletcher, 2001, p.67). Piers occur in different shapes depending on their usage. For instance, they assume a cruciform shape when the architects use them to join two significantly large arches. Columns Columns form an integral part of Romanesque architectural designs in buildings. Crossley argues that, to enhance their aesthetic value, most architects incorporate not only attached shafts but also colonnets in the structure in question (1962, p. 76). Other columns used in this architectural design are salvaged columns, drum columns and hollow core columns (Fletcher, 2001, p.70). Each of these columns designs gives them strength because they carry the massive weight of the upper walls. Some of them like the hollow core columns can be ornamented with incised decorations. Vaults and roofs Wood plays a pivotal role in the construction of roofs and vaults as far as Roman esque architecture is concerned. Harvey noted that, vaults and roofs can take the form of a king post, simple truss or even a tie beam (1950, p. 22). The lining in such cases comprise of a wooden ceiling. Vaults of stone or brick take on different forms. There are several types of vaults, which include barrel vault, groin vault, arched vault and ribbed vault.Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike the arched and ribbed vaults, the groin and barrel vaults are relatively easy to construct. Most architects argue that the easiest type of a vault to construct is the barrel (Crossley, 1962, p. 80). For the construction of such barrels, there need to be strong walls, which may or may not have small holes to enhance the support of such vaults. A groin vault is similar to the barrel that only that it requires the use of two barrels. Decoration Decoration in Romanesque architecture is yet another outstanding element of the style with arcading being its most significant aspect. Arcades are used to a great effect both internally and externally. Another decorative feature is architectural sculpture, which can be geometric. Figurative sculpture decorated buildings with fine curving engrossed on the wall surface. Other decorative features of used in Romanesque architecture are the use of murals and stained glass. Gothic architecture This architectural design succeeded the Romanesque in the 16th century. Historians argue that in the ancient times, many people used the term ‘Gothic Architecture’ as a way of describing the architectural culture that was primitive and unacceptable in many regions. The style got its influence from Romanesque and possibly from the east. Some of the elements of these pieces of architecture are as follows. Plan Most gothic buildings are of the Latin cross, with a long nave making the better part of the church, a transverse arm (transept) and, after it, an extension called the presbytery, chancel or choir (Harvey, 1950, p. 26). A prominent feature of the buildings that were constructed based on gothic architecture is the Hallenkirche. Hallenkirche comprises of two major components-naves and aisles. However, they could also take a different form. For instance, in the South of France, architects only used a singlewide nave and no aisles. Structure: The ogival arch Historians argue that the first people to use the ogival arch in architectural designs were Islamists that lived in the East. They form a major party of the architectural history among the Muslims. This style evolved from the Romanesque without a clean break and for most part, it has borrowed from the Romanesque. This makes it a significant aspect in gothic architectural designs. Functions Unlike the features of Romanesque art, gothic architecture has many applications not only in the ancient times but also in the contemporary society. For instance, gothic semi-circular vaults are used not only ion the roofing of roofs that have a regular shape but also those that have irregular shapes e.g. trapezoids. Another structural advantage is that its pointed arch channels the weight onto the piers or columns that bear it at a steep angle thus enabling the architects to raise vaults much higher than those in Romanesque architecture (Bony, 1983, p.17). This gave the building not only a very new physical appearance but also a new impression of verticalit y toward heaven. The application of the pointed arch in gothic architecture is for both decorative and structural purposes. It is therefore useful in every location where the vaulted shape is of need. Height The usual proportion for most buildings constructed using gothic architectural design especially churches is 2:1. However, depending on the overall size of a building, especially that of many storey buildings, this proportion can be as high as 3:6:1 to ensure the stability of the gothic building. The two major aspects that form the external features of gothic buildings as far as the height is concerned are spires and towers. Vertical Emphasis The pointed arch suggests height with this appearance being enhanced more by both the decoration of the building and the architectural features. From the outside, the architects lay more emphasis on verticality in a way by the spires and towers and in a more diminishing way by projecting strongly the vertical buttresses; by attached shafts that often pass through the storeys of the building; by long and narrow openings, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture that emphasizes the vertical. A pinnacle terminates the roofline, buttresses, gable ends and other parts ((Warren, 1991, p.59). From within the church, attached shafts often join unbroken from floor to ceiling where they meet the ribs of the vault. During the treatment of the wall surfaces and windows, the architects apply a general repetition of the verticals. Light The largely expanded area of the windows as at and the very large size of many individual windows is yet another distinguishing characteristic of the gothic architecture. The difference in size in gothic compare to its predecessor is because of the use of the ribbed vault- more precisely, the pointed ribbed vault, which in this structural design, channeled the weight to a holding shaft with less outward thrust compared to a semicircular vault. As a result, walls do not have to be so strong (Warren, 1991, p.61). In gothic buildings, the design of the windows plays a pivotal role in the lighting. They not only contain a pointed arch but also some other forms of decorative structural designs. To enhance more beauty to the lighting systems of the gothic buildings, the windows incorporate several patterns of stained glass. The architects blend the colors such windows so as to much the other components of the building such as the interiors and the lighting system(s). Symbolism and ornamentation Each architectural concept in the gothic cathedral, including the loftiness and huge dimensions of the structure, were designed to convey a theological message about the glory and greatness of God (Warren, 1991, p.62). The overall structure of the gothic building reflects the universe. The aspects that contribute in such a reflection are not only the geometrical but also the mathematical features that are characteristic of gothic architectural designs. Architects employ such f eatures in stained glasses, statutes as well as sculptural decorations. In the traditional Germanic churches as well in some church buildings in the contemporary society, such aspects depict the sacred aspect of Christian faith. In conclusion, the Romanesque and the gothic architectural designs share the same basic principles. Notwithstanding, the gothic design gains superiority since it is an improvement of the latter and it incorporates structural designs from other traditions especially form the east. Both Romanesque and gothic architecture comprise of aspects that reflect on the evolution of architecture despite the fact that the two may differ significantly. Incorporating these principles- both structural and decorative in the construction industry today can invoke historical structures in our contemporary world given the technology state and the current engineering knowledge and innovation. This will also be very instrumental in the preservation of certain aspects of architect ure in the contemporary society. References Bony, J. (1983). French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California press. Crossley, F.H. (1962).The English Abbey. UK : Batsford publishers. Fletcher, B. (2001). A History of Architecture on the Comparative method. USA: Elsevier Science Technology. Hall, J. (1983). A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art. London: John Murray Publishers. Harvey, J. (1961). English Cathedrals. UK: Batsford publishers. Tatton-Brown, T., Crook, J. (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland: New Holland Publishers. Warren, J. (1991). Creswell’s Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the  Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture. Muqarnas. California: University of California press. This research paper on Romanesque and Gothic Architecture was written and submitted by user DannyRand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Microsoft Word Tips Adding and Deleting Comments - Proofed

Microsoft Word Tips Adding and Deleting Comments - Proofed Microsoft Word Tips: Adding and Deleting Comments The comment function in Microsoft Word is a very useful tool. You can use it to leave comments for a proofreader before getting it checked, and you might receive feedback in comments if you are having your work edited. You can also use it to make notes while redrafting a document. It is, indeed, a comment. In all of these cases, though, you need to know how it works! Let us start with the basics†¦ How to Add a Comment To add a comment in Microsoft Word, you first need to select the text you’re commenting on with the cursor. Once you’ve done that, you have three options available: Go to the Review tab on the main ribbon and click New Comment Comment options. Right-click the text and click New Comment from the menu The contextual menu. Use the shortcut Ctrl + Alt + M (Windows) or Cmd + Alt + A (Mac) Any of these will add a new comment in the place selected (it will appear in the right-hand margin). You can then click the comment and write whatever you need to say. Reviewing Comments Microsoft Word also provides a few ways to interact with comments. These include the display options, the navigation buttons, and the Reply and Resolve buttons. The most important display option is the Show Comments button in the Comments section of the Review tab. This controls whether comments are displayed in full or as small speech bubbles that you need to click to open, which can be less intrusive while you’re working. A hidden comment. In addition, you can turn off comments completely by deselecting them in the Show Markup menu. The navigation buttons, meanwhile, let you cycle through each comment in your document quickly. To use these, go to Review Comments and click Previous or Next. Finally, we have the review buttons in the bottom right of each comment. Your two options here are: Reply – Allows you to respond to a comment by adding a nested comment underneath Resolve – Marks a comment as resolved when you have read and addressed it Nested comments. These last options are especially useful if you are working collaboratively on a document with others. How to Delete a Comment To remove a comment from a document, first select it and then either: Go to Review Comments and click Delete Right-click the comment and select Delete Comment from the menu And hey presto! The comment is gone. Alternatively, you can remove every comment in the document at once by going to Review Comments and clicking on the little down arrow to open a new menu, then selecting Delete All Comments. Make sure you are ready to do this, though, as you might end up deleting an important comment by accident if you don’t check first! Ready to delete!

Smith Surname Meaning and Origin

Smith Surname Meaning and Origin Derived from the Anglo-Saxon smitan, meaning to smite or strike, Smith and its derivations are an occupational name for a man who works with metal (smith or blacksmith), one of the earliest jobs for which specialist skills were required. It is a craft that was practiced in all countries, making the surname and its derivations the most common of all surnames. Smith still tops the list of most popular surnames in England and America, and is also a very common last name in Germany, Ireland, Scotland, Canada and Australia. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Smyth, Smythe, Schmidt Facts About the Surname Smith Unsurprising to most, Smith continually tops the list for most common English last name and the most common in America. The Granny Smith green apple is named after a woman named Maria Ann Smith (nee Sherwood), who developed it from a seedling in her orchard in Australia in 1868 at the age of 69. Famous People With the Surname Smith John Smith - One of the original settlers of Jamestown colony in 1607; saved from execution by the Indian princess Pocahontas.Captain Edward John Smith - Captain of the ill-fated RMS Titanic.Paul Smith - British designer.Anna Nicole Smith - American model.Adam Smith - Scottish economist and author.Michael J. Smith - American Astronaut; died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on 28 January 1986.Gregory Paul Smith - Christian singer. Where Do People with the Smith Surname Live? As you might expect, surname distribution data from  Forebears  indicates that the  Smith is found throughout the world, although it ranks it at 117th most common. The Smith spelling ranks 1st, however, in the United States, England, Australia, Canada, Scotland, New Zealand, Belize, Bermuda, Isle of Man, British Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Tuvalu, and Monaco. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Smith Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Smith family crest or coat of arms for the Smith surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Genealogy.com allows you to search their genealogy forum for the Smith surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Smith query. With FamilySearch.org you can explore over 48 million historical records which mention individuals with the Smith surname and variants, as well as online Smith family trees. GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Smith surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com allows you to explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Smith and its variations. At GenealogyToday.com you can browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Smith from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames.  Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

G-8 Says World Economic Prospects Still Weak Essay

G-8 Says World Economic Prospects Still Weak - Essay Example ng to the improper banking regulations that existed in European countries along with the United States and Japan. As per the article, measures have been formulated in order to curb issues in relation to budget deficits and develop strong banking union through the implementation of efficient fiscal policy amid G8 nations for effective growth of world economy. These nations have worked collectively in order to strengthen the banking rules which would underpin the whole of the Euro zone. Additionally, the implementation of these changes in structure along with principles in relation to banking policies is perceived to enhance the economic conditions on a global context. The banking sector of European nations, the US and Japan are required to modify or reform their banking practices and systems with the objective of developing world economy and banking union (CNBC LLC, 2013). Factors to be Discussed The discussion will emphasize relevant studies that are parallel to the common economic e vents which include recession and inflation. One of the primary objectives of this research would be to analyze the moves that will be made for building a proper banking practice towards a strong banking union. The highlighting factors would be to analyze the underpinning issues that are seemed to trouble the overall banking system. Moreover, the various reforms and modifications in the banking principles and systems will be studied which are to be implemented by Japan and European nations. Along with all the other nations, the economic condition of the United States will be analyzed as well. 2.0 Discussion on the Economic Problem Issue The financial crisis situations had adversely impacted the banking operations and principles in an immense manner on global perspectives. Various reforms and policies have been implemented within banking sector with the aim of enhancing its operations and reviving the economic conditions. Cause of Problem The main factors related to the discussed iss ue in the article include the extensive economic growth of other countries and structural reforms that seemed to put the European countries under extreme pressure. The main areas of concern were identified to be the reformation of banks and its various policies in order to improve the financial policies of the European countries and G8 nations. The major cause of the problem was that the output was not delivered according to the requirements of the banking customers. Funds collected through banks were not allocated in an orderly manner which resulted in improper regulations of the banking functions or operations (International Monetary Fund. European Dept., 2013). Impact on Economy, Society or Even Political Stability The problems related to financial policies and reformation in banking sector seemed to have drastic effects on the economical, societal and political fronts which were a crucial problem for the Euro zone countries. The situations relating to the above factors were very drastic. The nations on the economic front got adversely affected because of the inappropriate banking regulations and various fiscal policies that were unable to ascertain the monetary standards of the nations. The main point of concern was the ineffective performance of the banking sector. The countries were planning to design various policies and regulations in relation to the

A Winning Political Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Winning Political Strategy - Essay Example A Winning Political Strategy The Progressive Socialists (PS) is the main party that will ultimately win the elections but it can only win the elections through a coalition with the Conservatives of Urbania (CU). The Progressive Socialists (PS) Party’s ideology is on reformed communism whereas the ideology for the Conservatives of Urbania (CU) is conservative. These two ideologies when brought together and blended well will automatically win the elections with a landslide. Information states that the votes swing to the left meaning that the Progressive Socialists Party is in a better position to form a coalition with the Conservatives of Urbania Party (Barbara and Robert 19). The Progressive Socialists have an exceptionally strong winning point on the ideal tax rate, which is to keep the tax rates as low as possible as compared to the other parties. This is a strong campaign point since the majority of the Urbanians will be able to enjoy extra savings after taxation. This is ideal for the economy since it will spur growth and individual investments will increase. Naturally, people are attracted to parties that will ensure that they will tax them minimal tax, which is an advantage to the Progressive Socialists Party. The ideological type of the Progressive Socialists Party also is particularly strong considering the concept that they have in regard to being reformed communist. (Palombara and Weiner 7). Currently in the world, there is a humungous concept that capitalism is not working. This is evident from the recent recession that happened just recently and currently what is happening in Europe. Europe is experiencing the Euro Crisis due to the capitalist ’s ideology and therefore the reformed communist ideology is decidedly much ideal. The Conservatives of Urbania (CU) Party ideology is on conservative. This means that a combination of both ideologies, which are, reformed communist and conservative will be a strong alliance when both parties merge for a coalition. The origin of political parties and the circumstances under which parties first arise is paramount. This means that in a developing political system, the party’s initial tone and configuration have a significant effect on the kind of parties that subsequently emerge (Palombara and Weiner 7). This coalition will be an externally created party meaning that the parties will merge outside the legislature and invariably involve some challenges to the ruling group and a demand for representation. The stakes are too high for both parties to have the majority votes, which in turn, will lead to majority representation. A ruling coalition requires a majority representa tion in order to ensure that the ruling governments’ agendas are pushed forward for effect legislation. This will also ensure that the opposition does not sabotage the ruling party’s operations (Palombara and Weiner 10). The purpose of the coalition between the Progressive Socialists (PS) Party and the Conservatives of Urbania (CU) Party would be to build grassroots organizations that would ensure a win. Since both parties ideologies can be harmonized together, both parties will have a common vision during the campaigns. This will ensure that the coalition parties exist with the organization and structure leading to a visionary direction and leadership. The key strategy here is to ensure that the partners have a feeling of them being partners rather than feeling part of the campaign (Palombara and We

Rendell Case Essay Example for Free

Rendell Case Essay 1. What is the organizational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function? What do you think of it? Should Rendell adopt this philosophy? From the position descriptions of Martex stated in the case we can conclude that the organizational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function, especially in the modern business, has gone through a huge change. For organizational function, it emphasized the importance of directly reporting to the corporate controller in lieu of responsibility to the division manager, and for this position, it largely concerned with administrative function of an important managerial position as it relates to the control of costs and the profitable operation of the business as a whole. The Martex’s controller vertical structure appear to be relatively independent without being intervened by the division manager so that they can greatly contribute to improvements on controlling corporate cost and preparing divisional budget from the company-level management perspective. In my point of view, it is beneficial to corporate operation as a whole. But these is a point which should not be neglected that is sometimes the interest inconformity between division and corporate. Like what stated in the case, there is always a fat in the division budget, but if execute the Martex’s methods, the direct consequence of â€Å"unbiased source of information† will really show up? I doubt it. Given the intervention of the division manager from their own purpose, the accuracy of either data sources or analysis reports could not be guaranteed anymore. So in my position, I would be more in favor of rejecting this organizational philosophy in Rendell Company. 2. To whom should the divisional controllers report in the Rendell Company? Why? The divisional controller should report to the divisional manager for now. The reason is that the control system structure should take corporate structure into account. If merely imitating the methods of Martex, it may fail. It is not completely suitable for a different corporate structure using the same management control system. The reason of success in the Martex is primarily because the line-staff relationships underlie the  implement of assigning general staff to the division instead of the divisional staff. In addition, the division controller’s office is often located with the division colleagues not the division manager, and therefore make the intervention least possible. In contrast to the Martex, Rendell did not meet the same requirement as the Martex had had. Once took the job, the Rendell division controller was told his function was to help general manager. So every decision and analysis he made would be from divisional interest instead of corporate as a whole. On the other hand, as a member of the divison, if the controllers were treaded as the front spy looking into the division status, they will also be questioned for the reporting and isolated from the rest of the division. No mention the job could be taken over unofficially. The reason of this phenomenon is that the division controllers are not created as an independent position in the Rendell Company, which is, more or less, under the pressure of the division management. 3. What should be the relationship between the corporate controller and the divisional controllers? What steps would you take to establish this relationship on a sound footing? The best relationship between the corporate controller and the divisional controllers is kept direct relationship. From the perspective of operation and development of the corporate, only if the president and corporate controller (as we all know, mostly, the corporate controller would reported directly to the president) gather the accurate information of various divisions, they can make better decisions for future plan. To avoid the unnecessary difficulties for gathering data and reporting to upper management, the vertical organizational structure should be shortened as possible. There are several indispensible steps to establish this relationship. And all of the purposes are from two principles: first, shorten vertical structure and avoid intervention of affected parties; second, strengthen accounting system control. First of all, it is important to intently cultivate the awareness of managers and controllers as they simultaneously grew up in the  division. The company should establish the so positive image of controllers within the entire company that make every staff clear the necessity of the controller organization for the development. Secondly, take a strong hold with the accounting system, only this is an objective and powerful tool for the entire management even if the management cannot make sure the accuracy of the other information. Additionally, with an uniform accounting system the company would not step into the chaos status. Thirdly, align the divisional and corporate controller in the same direction. Only with the same objective, such as growth in dollar sales, assigned rate of profit etc., they can coordinate and cooperate more efficiently from the same interest. Setting up a proportion of allocating profit between managers and controllers so as to introduce a competitive and cooperative mechanism is not a bad idea. 4. Would you recommend any major changes in the basic responsibilities of either the corporate controller or the divisional controller? The controllers now take on the responsibility of establishing the standard practice regulations and the coordination of systems. To guarantee the rightness and unbiased standpoint, the corporate controller should supervise the argument process. Because there is no counterpart in the division to offset the potential personal mistake. So for this part, in a certain extent, corporate should suppress the individual impact of controller for the standard establishment. The controller, whatever in corporate level or division level, should have supervision over the cash, cash equivalent and credits. In case of the uncontrollable expense on the divisional budgets. From such process, on the other hand, it can resolve the partial problem of false financial statements and bloated budgets. The divisional controllers should have the partial authority over the disbursements of any kind of expense, whose signature on checks at the same time should also be authorized and double-checked by corporate controller. Through authority sharing between administrative staff and control organization, it would be more beneficial for the corporate cost control.

Behaviors Caused by Hypothalamic and Thalamic Lesions :: Neurological Chemistry Chemical Papers

Behaviors Caused by Hypothalamic and Thalamic Lesions In the field of neuropsychology, the area in the brain that includes the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the subthalamus is referred to as the subcortex diencephalon (Kalat 2004). In the following section, lesions to these specific areas will be discussed. The results of the lesions will be addressed from the perspective of a neuropsychologist. Neuropsychological assessment refers to the objective evaluation of the cognitive, linguistic, perceptual, and psychomotor performances of a person with the aim of relating the status of his/her performances to the structural and functional condition of his/her brain (Steinhauer, Gruzelier, & Zubin 1991). Neuropsychological assessment can be approached from an experimental method in which the researcher has greater control of the variables affecting the situation but, generalization is more difficult and human subjects cannot be used in studies (Finger 1978). A clinical method is also used and, although this method does not experience the benefit of complete control, brain-behavior relationships are much easier to study because human subjects can be used in this method (Finger 1978). Both methods are usually combined to produce the most efficient and helpful information for the patient. The most prominent neuropsychological tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Halstead-Reitan battery, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (Steinhauer et. al. 1991). These tests provide the opportunity to analyze the components of performance and then identify probable disabilities that would explain the defective performance (Steinhauer, et. al. 1991). The main issue that will be examined in this section will be behavioral effects of lesions to specific parts of the hypothalamus and the thalamus. The hypothalamus is located near the base of the brain and is ventral to the thalamus (Dimond 1978, Kalat 2004). The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system and is responsible for motivational behaviors including emotion, eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety and aggression (Kalat 2004, Dimond 1978, Isaacson 1982, Beaumont 1983). The hypothalamus has widespread connections to the rest of the forebrain and also to the midbrain (Kalat 2004). The hypothalamus contains a number of distinct nuclei including the lateral nucleus which controls the initiation of eating and drinking, the ventromedial nucleus which controls the stopping of eating and drinking, the paraventricular nucleus which limits meal size, the supraoptic nucleus which controls the secretion of vasopressin, the suprachiasmic nucleus which constitutes the biological clock,

Art Essay Introduction- Penny Byrne

Penny Byrne is an Australian born artist. She was born in Mildura, Victoria, Australia. She lives in Melbourne and owns her own studio. She is interested in ceramics and works as a ceramics conservator. She did a bachelor of fine arts ceramics in Melbourne in 1987 and graduated from west Dean College in the UK after doing ceramics and glass conservation and restoration. She also did a bachelor of laws at La Trobe uni in Melbourne and uses her knowledge of political and social issues in her art.Penny Byrne uses her knowledge of ceramics and knowledge of world issues combined with simplicity and in your face messages in her artwork ‘how much can a polar bear #2’ (2008, sculpture, ceramic, 9. 5x7x11cm). Her artwork makes a public comment on the melting polar ice caps due to global warming and the effect that this is having on the polar bears. Byrne uses her knowledge of ceramics in this sculpture as she appropriates this ready-made ceramic polar bear figure. She has taken a polar bear figure and put scuba diving gear on it to make it innocent and helpless.She uses relevant choices of material as she isn’t creating more waste, putting across this environmentally friendly message. The message she is putting across is made obvious through her use of scuba diving gear and the title of the work. She wants people to think about the polar bears and the environment she cares so much about and she achieves this through simplicity and easy understanding. The overall meaning of this artwork is that the polar bears are struggling, to find food sources, to adapt to new climate and that we aren’t helping, in fact we are making it worse.This is obviously a topic that Byrne feels strongly about. I find that she works well to channel her personal interests into the work and her uses of materials are appropriate to her knowledge, and the message she is putting across. Overall with the simplicity of the message and the use of appropriate materials are effe ctive and work well with the knowledge and personal interest shown in her work. She uses this in many of her of her other works such as ‘the four horse men of the 21st century apocalypse’.

Maupassant’s Use of Setting in The Necklace Essay

In the story The Necklace, Guy De Maupassant uses the settings to further heighten the dramatic effect of the change in the character of Mathilde Loisel. At the various stages of Mathilde’s character’s transformation, the setting complements to reflect her actions and emotions. At the start of the story, Mathilde is depicted as having accepted her lot, knowing she has beauty but that her station in life granted her nothing more than a life married to a clerk. She still daydreams of luxurious parlors and exquisite food as she moves around her own home with its simple furniture. The Mathilde depicted here is a girl who still has fantasies of escaping her present situation, and Maupassant’s juxtaposition of the images of the lavish setting with the vestibules with Oriental trapestries and large parlors adorned with olden silk with Mathilde’s dreary reality of worn walls and abraded chairs strike a strong contrast between her desires and her inescapable circumstance. When Mathilde went to the party, she was changed – she became truly the girl that she was meant to be, desired and sought after, in a place she felt she belonged. Although Maupassant did not detail it, the reader can imagine extravagant ornaments, crystal chandeliers, and blatant affluence everywhere, lifting Mathilde’s spirits up as her dreams came true: that night she was Cinderella at the ball. But she knew it was a dream, because the other women had furs and she had wraps that spoke of her true station in life. And to bring her feet back on the ground, when she got back home – to the dreary place seemingly more dreary now after all the glamour of the mansion – she discovers she lost the necklace. Their home full of wanting etched its emptiness even more with the realization that she was missing something very valuable, something that was worth more than anything she has. And then, she comes to accept reality – she cannot afford the luxurious life, and because of her whims and fantasies she has cost them a fortune they did not have in the first place. To make up for her behavior, she threw herself to work – her pink nails scrubbed themselves hard in the kitchens where it was dirty with greasy pans and dark-bottomed pans. Here we see Mathilde’s descent – she came into terms with her social status and acted like it. She no longer fancied herself a woman out of place meant for better things, above the needy and the poor common people. They left their house and stayed at the attic; she went to the market and threw water on streets. In the kitchen, in the market, in the attic, she became one of them. And finally, when they have repaid all their debts because of the necklace, we find Mathilde walking at the Champs Elysà ©es for leisure after a week’s hard labor, triumphant because now she is a free woman. The Champs Elysà ©es is hailed the most beautiful avenue in the world, and it is only fitting that Mathilde meet her old friend here. She was no longer the beauty that she was, she was no longer desirable nor recognizable, but she gained a new beauty within: she was her own woman now, strengthened by hard life, and with a firm grasp of reality and newfound pride having paid her dues. And with that pride she went up to her old friend, the same moneyed lady from before. Mathilde stood out in the luxury of Champ Elysà ©es’s beauty, and yet momentarily we saw her transformed again because after all these years of hard work, it was still her foolishness and pride that cost her own beauty and charm. But more than anything, it felt that she belonged there amidst all that glory, because after working herself to that state of being one of the poor as she saw them, as one all her hard work has gained her the richness that she always dreamed of in her younger days.

Spelling Tips I Before E Except After C

Spelling Tips I Before E Except After C Spelling Tips: I Before E Except After C Vowel order can be tricky in English, since there isn’t always an obvious connection between how a word is spelled and the way it sounds. The â€Å"ee† sound in â€Å"believe,† for instance, is the same as in â€Å"deceive.† But the vowels in the middle of these words are reversed. The key difference is that â€Å"deceive† is spelled with a â€Å"c,† which is why we use the rhyme â€Å"i before e except after c† to remind us how to spell certain words. â€Å"I Before E Except After C† The phrase â€Å"i before e except after c† is a mnemonic: i.e., something that helps us remember something. In this case, it reminds us that â€Å"i† comes before â€Å"e† in many words, except when they are preceded by a â€Å"c.† We’ve seen how this works with â€Å"believe† and â€Å"deceive,† but there are plenty of extra examples to help make it clearer: â€Å"ie† (No â€Å"c†) â€Å"ei† (After â€Å"c†) Achieve Perceive Diesel Ceiling Belief Conceivable Acquiesce Receipt Piece Receive The Exceptions†¦ As with most rules in English, â€Å"i before e except after c† is only a guideline and there are plenty of words that don’t follow this pattern. In fact, there are 923 English words spelled with â€Å"-cie-,† which means there are more exceptions to this rule than words that follow it! Many words that end â€Å"-cy,† for example, are spelled with â€Å"-cies† when pluralized (e.g., when â€Å"democracy† becomes â€Å"democracies†). Comparatives and superlatives may also require using â€Å"-ie-† after â€Å"c† (e.g., when â€Å"bouncy† becomes â€Å"bouncier† or â€Å"bounciest†). The correct spelling of bouncier and bounciest is vital for grading inflatable castles. [Photo: Oast House Archive]Furthermore, some words spelled with â€Å"-ei-† or â€Å"-ie-,† but that don’t contain an â€Å"ee† sound, such as â€Å"beige† or â€Å"science,† don’t follow the â€Å"i before e† rule either (e.g., â€Å"foreign,† â€Å"neighbor† and â€Å"weight†). To make matters more confusing, we also have words that contain an â€Å"ee† sound but don’t have a â€Å"c,† yet which are spelled with an â€Å"-ei-† (e.g., â€Å"weird† or â€Å"caffeine†). The point is that â€Å"i before e except after c† is sometimes helpful if you’re not sure how to spell a word. However, there are many cases in which this does not apply. This makes it particularly important to proofread your work, checking the spelling of any words about which you’re uncertain.

Share Your Skills with Schools †and Get Paid!

Share Your Skills with Schools – and Get Paid! Writers like you possess special, sought-after skills. You have gold dust to offer! Literacy ranks high on school agendas, and teachers often find creative writing a stumbling block. No wonder that many schools gladly pay experts to come in and inspire their youngsters. Could this be you? I’ve been running workshops in schools for years, and find them an ideal accompaniment to writing. Not only can they provide a healthy income boost, but the work is enjoyable too, and the children’s enthusiasm fires up my own.   It’s a win-win all around! Promotion Opportunities What’s more, school visits provide excellent promotional opportunities. If you have a book to sell, mention it to the schools you approach, with price and links, and take an armful along on every visit, whether for children or staff. If its a kids book, ask your school if they can notify parents in advance, so their children can bring requisite money. I sell lots of books this way. A discount helps, and for a further incentive, I set a simple price requiring minimal coins or notes for child-handling. Fee Fees widely vary. Set it low to start with and build up. I’ve reduced mine to about $200 plus travel to accommodate tightening school budgets in the UK; your schools may have more funds. You might like to apply to an agency or organization that specializes in such appearances, and let them arrange everything. In any case, agency websites provide useful information, including an insight into the range of workshop content authors offer. Here are a few to browse (selected and listed randomly), in Canada, the US and the UK: 1. Writers’ Federation of Nova Scotia, Writers in the Schools Program: http://writers.ns.ca/programs/writers-schools-wits.html 2. Seattle Arts Lectures: Writers and Schools, https://www.lectures.org/wits/writers_n_schools.php 3. Writers in the Schools, Houston: http://witshouston.org/ 4. Pen/Faulkner Foundation, Washington DC, Writers in Schools: penfaulkner.org/writers-in-schools/wins-blog/ 5. Authors Abroad, UK: authorsabroad.com An online search under â€Å"authors for schools† will reveal many others in these countries and around the world. Boost Your Bookings To earn more, consider widening your age range or content. I drew fresh interest Fit to Suit Fit your bookings round your writing, using the lulls in one to take advantage of the other. Opportunities may be intermittent at schools as their diaries fill fast and even big budgets run dry sometimes, or you might be between book releases. Here are few tips to see you on your way: Arrangements: Confirm booking details in writing, including content (poetry/story-writing/drama/journalism) and fee. Lesson plan: Prepare a mix of activities to keep kids on board, including some physical ones like artwork, singing, drama, or an outdoor performance, depending on age, space, time and facilities. In the classroom: You’ll have a staff member with you, so don’t panic! Keep calm, and maintain a lively pace. If you enjoy it, they will as well. Working with children: Check requirements in your area for working with children. You may need a criminal history record check to confirm you are eligible. Oh, and one more thing: Get a good night’s sleep before that alarm goes off! Children are energetic!

Impact of Income and Social Status on Health Essay

Impact of Income and Social Status on Health - Essay Example Studies have shown that there are no clear lines in the operation of these variables because they cut across certain universal truths. For instance, lifestyle diseases have demonstrated prevalence across the income and age divides in recent times (Skolnik, 2008; Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). Therefore, the effect of income and social status on health should be determined from an aggregate of factors that work in the modern society. Income and Social Status Health is significantly reliant on the variables of income and social status. Naturally, high-income status and socio-economic status play a positive role on matters of health. Individuals and groups placed at higher income levels and socioeconomic status have a wider choice when it comes to matters of health (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). On the other hand, individuals with low-income levels and socioeconomic status could be more vulnerable to some of the common challenges that attend to the subject of health. Similarly, richer countries that manifest high levels of per-capita income are more likely to engage health challenges than poor countries. However, a range of studies has reinforced the fact that populations in both rich and poor countries are not homogenous (Riegelman, 2009). Categories within these populations will manifest different levels of capacities to engage with health challenges. As a result, it becomes necessary to determine the kind of issues that affect various sections of populations basing purely on the variable of income and social status.... The United States is one of the countries that has appreciated the challenges brought about by inequalities in income and social status in relation to matters of healthcare. The United States has developed legal structures to ensure some form of parity in healthcare provision across the income divide (Levine, 2009). The American Healthcare Bill otherwise known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act was aimed towards addressing the income and social status components of health care. The merits of this bill are anchored in its vigorous advocacy of affordable healthcare for all American citizens. Deliberate restructuring in the sector have been made so that the burden of the cost of medication might shift more on collective taxation, the state and insurance firms rather than on individuals (Levine, 2009). The Health Care Bill proposes a number of safeguards that are meant to shield the citizenry from the unsteady costs of medical care. The bill sought to restore stabil ity and predictability in the expenditure on medical care. The primary concern was that a revised form of insurance systems would distribute the costs of medical care equally across various statuses, and other social stratifications. Towards this objective, the bill provided that people who earned more should be made to incur more in medical care than those who earned less. Another important safeguard of this bill was that it would no longer be possible for insurance firms to abandon their clients who became ill. This particular measure was aimed to arrest a sweeping trend where insurance firms deregister clients who are taken ill. For medical professionals this bill means

Contemporary Management Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Management Issues - Essay Example The company’ s business is a large-scale business accounting almost all of the country’s natural gas supply and for more than 70% of its crude oil productions (Petroleum Development Oman, 2014). In order to perform its operational activity at more than 5,000 producing wells the company employs about 6  000 people and works with more than 35, 000 contractors (Petroleum Development Oman, 2014). Taking into consideration this type of business and the number of people involved, the company has extremely huge social and environmental responsibility for its activity. There are two key objectives of the assignment. The first one is to provide an overview of the theories of business ethics to stakeholders and critical analysis of how Petroleum Development Oman Llc develops and sustains business ethics and how the company conducts business ethics to its stakeholders (including shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and government). The second objective is to review different elements of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to provide critical evaluation of the rewards/benefits of CSR obtains the Petroleum Development Oman Llc while implementing CSR. There are many various definitions and interpretations of the term â€Å"business ethics†. One of the most common interpretations is that business ethics or values set the definitions of good and bad, right or wrong in business environment (Payne, & Landry 2006). Further, these definitions become generally accepted standards in the business context (Gavai 2010). Thomas Garrett explains that business ethics is â€Å"concerned primarily with the relationship of business goals and techniques to specific human needs† (cited by Gavai 2010, 4). There are recognized two traditional theories of business ethics: Raiborn and Payne principles and the Kantian analysis (Payne, & Landry 2006). The idea of the

Considered for academic reinstatement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Considered for academic reinstatement - Essay Example me tasks for the city and borough of Juneau as a Security Officer; (3) I inadvertently took several Law Enforcement classes all over the country which were too structured and used up most of my spare time; (4) I was also an Army reserve and therefore, due to longer hours spent at work, there remained virtually shortened time periods for both compliance to academic requirements and to personal rest; and finally (5) time constraint inevitably limited access to references and sources for academic compliance. Currently, I definitely am not satisfied with my general standing in the program. I am aware that the desire and pursuit to attain my original vision is still aflame. With the awareness of the rationale for failure to sustain the required GPA, I am more than determined to overcome whatever obstacles I have recently encountered. I realize that my ultimate objective of finishing the program I started with Empire State College is still my priority. In this regard, with renewed hope and unwavering spirit, I humbly seek for re-admission in the program. The dilemma brought about by mistakes in the previous semester made me aware that I deeply regret the academic lapses. The realization and threat of being totally obliterated from the program awakened my senses. I have planned the following measures to improve and maintain the required GPA: (1) severance of my employment responsibilities for the state of Alaska and the city of Juneau to make compliance to academic requirements my priority; (2) leave the Army; (3) participate more actively in study groups; (3) consult with my advisor and professors for academic requirements; (4) be more involved in both curricular and extracurricular activities; (5) apply time management techniques to prioritize tasks and responsibilities; and (6) seriously prepare for tests and examinations to maximize learning. I have utilized the same techniques when I took specialized training for the State of Alaska. I am aware that it is a

Weber’s Formal and Substantive Rationality

Weber’s Formal and Substantive Rationality Weber’s Rationality Concepts and Scientific Management and Human Relation Theory Introduction Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher and economist. His work of rationalization and rationality has influenced the entire sociology discipline. His work of rationality introduces four kinds of rationality, including theoretical, practical, formal and substantive rationality. This paper focuses on the formal and substantive rationality. Weber made distinctions between formal rationality and substantive rationality in his works. Formal rationality mainly refers to rational calculation determined by rules, regulations or laws, and the extend to an action occurs as an outcome of quantitative calculations. In terms of formally rational systems, the primary concern within the system is maximize profitability, this often results into disregardful humanity. On the other hand, substantive rationality is defined as choice of means to ends guided by a set of human values. It concerns several criteria of final ends and disregards whatever they are, it measures the outcomes of the economic-oriented action. This paper is to introduce Weber’s formal and substantive rationality concepts, then to analyze how these two concepts are related to scientific management and human relation theory. Formal rationality Weber defines formal rationality as the degree to an action happens as a result of quantitative and appropriate calculations (Weber, 1987). Formal rationality involves the rational calculation of means to ends that are founded on laws, rules and regulations apply in general (Kalberg, 1980). It also relates to a structure including legal, economic, scientific spheres and the bureaucratic domination with industrialization (Karlberg, 1980). Weber suggests an action is rational because it has a consistent structure, all of its elements point at one direction, no one counteracts another. Therefore, there exists a consistency in its structure, and this is aided by formalization. Formalization can render several contradictions visible through a mechanical form of simplification. Thus, formal calculation is a kind of rationalization which focuses on the process not the result, it emphasizes how the decision is being made rather than how the results are achieved (Rona-Tas,2007). Formal rationality exists in large-scale structures such as bureaucracy and capitalist economy. And these structures and their regulations and laws determine the means to ends (Ritzer, 2005). Since formal calculation is determined by rules, regulations or laws, formal rationality often leads to decisions that are without regard of the needs and values of persons, it may imply that substantive rationality is unnecessary (Ritzer, 2005). An action oriented to rules, regulations or laws is a formal calculation in reference to enacted regulations and opposed to decision making in reference to the personal values (Kalberg, 1980). For instance, the needs of a formally rational economic system are emphasized on actors who can outbid others not because their needs are more important or contain more personal values, but because they have lots of money. In this economic system, making money is the major concern rather than humanity concerns (Ritzer, 2005). Weber (1968) argues, â€Å"decisive are the need for competitive survival and the conditions of the labor, money and commodity markets; hence matter-of-fact considerations that are simply nonethical determine individual behavior and interpose impersonal forces between the persons involved (pp. 1186).† Therefore, capitalistic system is a formally rational economic system, as the major concern of an organization within the system is to make profit constantly. The entrepreneurs disregard the workers’ basic human values and dominate them by enslaving them in the formally rational economic system (Weber, 1975). Formal rationality dominated in industrialized, modern and especially Western world. Weber foresaw that formal rationality would replace other kinds of rationality in the Western world. He also argued that substantive rationality would fade away and people would march forward to formal rationality instead. So, people’s actions are no longer guided by personal values but simply follow the regulations, rules and laws (Ritzer, 2005). Substantive rationality Substantive rationality refers to the clusters of values that lead people in their everyday lives, particularly in how they choose the means to ends. It involves the choice of means to ends guided by a set of human values. For example, Calvinism is when one feels one is fulfilling a duty and Calvinism attempts to rationalize the world in ethical ways and consistent with God’s commandments (Weber, 1958). Other examples include friendship, communism, hedonism Buddhism etc (Ritzer, 2005). When the clusters of values are consistent with particular value postulates that actors prefer, they are considered to be rational (Kalberg, 1980). In terms of economy, on the opposed side of formal rationality, Weber sees substantive rationality as an action that emphasizes on outcomes, an action can be rational also because it reaches successful ends. Therefore, substantive rationality means the success or failure that due to actions are driven by economical orientation in order to achieve final objectives that can be economic or non-economic, for instance, justice and equality (Weber, 1987). That is to say, substantive rationality is relevant to economic action in particular. So, substantive rationality involves a choice of means to ends leaded by some larger system of human values (Ritzer, 2005). Substantive rationality orders action into patterns directly on the basis of a past, present or potential value postulate, instead of just a calculation of means to ends and solutions to routine problems (Weber, 1968). Unlike formal rationality which has just a single value, such as making profit or fulfilling duties, substantive rationality relates to a value postulate which connotes clusters of values that are different in terms of comprehensiveness, content and internal consistency. Therefore, substantive rationality is a manifestation of a person’s capacity for value-rational action (Kalberg, 1980). Substantively rational system do not limit itself to purely follow formal and unambiguous fact or act according to goal-oriented rational calculation with the technical method, it concerns several criteria of ultimate ends regardless they are ethical, utilitarian, feudal etc, it measures the outcomes of the economic action, whereas formally rational emphasizes correct calculati on that may against substantive or value rationality (Weber, 1978). However, Weber did not make it clear that whether certain kinds of results might compound formal calculation, or some ends are more tend to be formal rationality than others. Scientific management Formal rationality Scientific management theory was originally proposed in the book of Fredrick Taylor’s (1856-1915), which was published in 1991 and called ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’. The fundamental goal of scientific management was to maximize workers’ productivity and profitability ultimately. This principles of scientific management theory is accordance with Weber’s formal rationality concept. For instance, Taylor (1991) argues workers should be trained and managed under scientific methods, in order to improve their efficiency. Taylor (1991) also explains this scientific management method in details, that is: managers should abandon the old rule of thumb method and adopt a scientific method for every task; they must use scientific method to train workers, and use rules and regulations to ensure workers follow the instructions of the scientific method they develop. Taylor’s scientific management methods can be considered as the concept of Webe r’s formal calculation, and the objective of that concept is to achieve great profitability. Also, Taylor (1991) thinks the best management should be supervised and ensured under regulations and rules. This is also a formally rational system according to Weber’s point of view of formal rationality. In addition, Taylor (1991) assumes that workers can be motivated and only can be stimulated by economic drives. He designed a salary structure and principle, that was to pay a high salary to a worker who accomplishes his work more efficiently or faster. Furthermore, Taylor (1991) suggests to pay a worker with extra bonus or premium, if the worker finishes his work successfully and productively. Henry Ford implemented Taylor’s scientific management methods and developed a model based on economic expansion and mass production with technological mechanisms (Tolliday and Zeitlin, 1987). Therefore, scientific management theory is driven by achieving great profitability, which is aligned with Weber’s formal rationality concept. Weber saw the triumph of formal rationality in the American system of ‘Scientific management’, as Weber (1978) argues, scientific management uses suitable measurement methods to calculate worker’s productivity and maximize profitability, the way these measurements calculate worker’s productivity is like that of any material means of production. He argues that scientific management was based on rational calculation and improvement of work performance with scientific training methods, and the worker is totally adjusted to the demands of the machines and is shorn of his inherent rhythm through creation of an optimal economy of physical effort. Human Relations theory Substantively rational Human relation theory proposes that an organization is a social system, people in an organization are interdependent. Human relation theory argues that best management is to focus on encouraging people to work, to give workers psychological and social needs and comforts, that way, they would work with more efficiency and effectiveness. Human relation theory is substantively rational as it emphasizes to maximize efficiency and productivity through a set of human values. The basic suggestion of human relation theory was developed through experiments and interviews, the most famous researcher is Elton Mayo, who identified the importance of human values in organizations. Through Hawthorne experiment, Mayo found out that the fundamental factor affects productivity and efficiency is the worker. The workers who engaged in the experiment realized they were concerned by managers and colleagues, and that increased their belongingness, this belongingness changed the worker’s entire value concept, encouraged them to improve their working efficiency. Therefore, Mayo suggested that workers also want social needs and interests, and they cannot be seen as being economically motivated anymore as how they were regarded by Taylorism (Rose, 2005). Thus, human relation theory is an implementation of substantive rationality in We ber’s point of view. Then, human relation theory is related to substantive rationality as it suggests that there is informal communication within an organization. In the study of bank wiring room, a small group of male workers were to produce electrical components. That group emerged to set informal norms that were enforced by peer pressure and an informal leader. The study indicates that workers were not only motivated by economic force but also the informal norms and communications within the organization. Thus, it is more important than just following formal side such as regulations, rules and official hierarchy that formal rational system does (Rose, 2005). However, the human relation theory is argued to be formal rationality as well. The initial impetus for the Hawthorne experiments was to improve worker’s efficiency and productivity and its management was to control physical variables, the idea was informed by the tradition of scientific management (Rose, 2005). It is also argued that human relation theories are embedded with connotation of rational organization and preference of scientific method (Ross-Smith and Kornberger, 2004). This could be understood since Weber did not clarify whether certain kinds of results might compound formal rationality. Conclusion This paper explains Weber’s formal and substantive rationality, and uses these two concepts to analyze scientific management and human relation theory. The paper summarizes that scientific management theory is with preference of Weber’s formal rationality concept, as scientific management theory focuses on managing organizations with scientific methods and formal calculations to improve workers’ productivity and to maximize organizations’ profitability. Whereas human relation theory is relevant to both substantive and formal rationality, because human relation theory emphasizes on principles guided by sets of human values such as social needs and psychological comforts etc. In addition, because within organizations adopts human relation theory, there exists informal norms and communications, which are more important than rules, regulations or hierarchy. At last but not least, human relation theory was originally designed to maximize efficiency and producti vity, and to control physical variables, that was in line with the idea of scientific management theory. Reference List: Kalberg, S. (1980). Max Webers Types of Rationality: Cornerstones for the Analysis of Rationalization Processes in History. The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 1145-1179 Muchinsky, P. M. (2006). Psychology Applied to Work. Eighth edition. Boston: Cengage Learning. Ritzer, G. (2005). The Weberian theory of rationalization and the McDonaldization of contemporary society. In: Peter Kivisto (ed.) Illuminating social life: Classical and contemporary theory revisited. Sage. Rona-Tas, A. (2007). The Three Modalities of Rationality and Their Contradictions in Post-Communist Consumer Credit Markets. In Jens Beckert, Rainer Diaz-Bone and Heiner Ganssmann eds. Mà ¤rkte als soziale Strukturen. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York. Rose, N. (2005). Human Relations Theory and People Management. European Management Journal, vol. 34, pp. 43-62. Ross-Smith, A., and Kornberger, M. (2004). Gendered Rationality? A Genealogical Exploration of the Philosophical and Sociological Conceptions of Rationality, Masculinity and Organization. Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 280-305 Taylor, F. W. (1991). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, US and London, UK: Harper Brothers Tolliday, S. and Zeitlin, J. (1987). The Automobile Industry and its Workers: Between Fordism and Flexibility. New York: St.Martins Press. Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Scribners. Originally: (1920) 1972. pp. 1-206 in Gesam- melte Aufsaetze zur Religionssoziologie (hereafter GARS). Vol. 1. Tubingen: Mohr. Weber, M. (1968). Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminister. Originally: (1921) 1976. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Edited by Johannes Winckelmann. Tubingen: Mohr Weber, M. (1975). Roscher and Knies: The Logical Problems of Historical Economics. Translated with an introduction by Guy Oakes. New York: Free Press. Originally: (1922) 1973. pp. 1-145 in WL Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society. Berkeley: California University Press

Feminist Theology :: essays research papers

3Write what you know, the pundits say, and I agree, we are conditioned to take the road less traveled by with only the different drummer to keep us company. As a student, I often find myself stumbling around in the theological woods, feeling lost, losing hope and ending up with mud everywhere, but especially on my face. However, the journey, while it lasts, is more interesting than the interstate highway of common knowledge; it certainly has a way of keeping complacency at bay. For me, that seed has often been something theological. I also often find myself playing the ‘devils advocate’ asking, â€Å"What does God look like to those who belong to the rigid social order of the orthodox church, look like in the twentieth-first century?† When modern feminist theologians look at the text of the scriptures, they are quick to point out neglected aspects of the Word and are quick to challenge the "patriarchal" worldviews and assumptions that many consider to b e biblical, but may indeed only be cultural. Evangelical feminists who uphold the integrity of the biblical text as the Word of God have done much to cause the Church to reexamine its views on the role of women in the Church. The challenge has come not from social movements but from the biblical texts themselves. It is essential that we as students look beyond the hermeneutical value, to that which is ingrained in the text not because of truth but rather because of tradition. Professor Trible's research on Adam and Eve notes that the Fall created an inequality in the family relationship that had not existed before. And if Christ has become a cure for us (Galatians 3:13), that curse of inequality is undone in Him as well as in the text in which she refers our attention. Feminist theologians have also recovered the neglected feminine references to God in scripture (noting: the word for Spirit, Ruach, in Hebrew, is feminine) and pointed out the roles of women in the Bible as deacons, co-laborers with Paul in ministry, judges of the nation (Deborah), and possibly even apostles (Junia of Romans 16:7). There are, of course, other things going on in Professor Trible’s writing, but the subtext of theologic al issues gives each story its texture as the abstract ideas intertwine with the actual plot. If I write about nomadic Arabs in 1919 Palestine and describe the tents and daily tea ritual, how can I fail to bring in the Qur'an?

Guide

The public services have multiple ways of showing how they go about promoting a diverse work force within the military, health service and police force. The first that would like to pin point is that they have a way of approaching the black minority's ethnic alongside the LIGHT communities, religion or beliefs and gender.As they try to incorporate more people into the military by means of newspapers, social media for example advertisements with different cultures interlinked talking about their experiences and hosting open days or setting up conferences that can be searched via the web making it more aware for the average person to see hat it would be like if they joined the army and in regards to the support that is being offered if they require it.For the equality and diversity they have training to improve on the understanding Of other cultures, religious beliefs and being able to respects those around them, there are also legislations put in place which are connected to the many acts they now follow (Equality Act 201 0, Civil Partnership Act 2004, Employment Equality Regulations Act, and Sexual Orientation Regulations Act 2003). Under representation of the BMW does happen and that is why they have the DART translated into DiverseArmy Recruitment Team, they consist of members from various backgrounds/ genders to show that we do want to improve on the diversity within our ranks, as it is fundamental to society that we start to accept more people from other cultures and religions into our communities, that is why we have them going around making people aware of the support that is given to those that wish to join, where they can go for help if someone is discrimination against them be it direct or indirect, harassment from someone or visitation of that person.So once we have them recruited and ready to go hats to keep them on board, all of the ways that the military provide for their soldiers and ensure that their family is well look after if something does ha ppen and that all of the benefits apply to everyone regardless of background or gender. UP Being able to provide equality within the ranks of all public services can be quite a challenge, the best way to enable them in regards to equality is by following the rules and regulations set by the government and by doing so they can see what impact this regulation would have upon the forces themselves.Not all opportunities will be equal which is sad but true, as some bobs within say the armed forces cannot be occupied by a woman on various grounds that are still under discussion. As such they have ways to entice and enforce the will to stay within the public services by providing annual training that is directed at equality and diversity which can be educational along with the fitness test, associations within the public services there to help and guide them in times Of need for example the Army Families Federation can give you advice and not identify you in regards to the issue.Regardless of the above they do have schemes in place to make life easier for all that wish or join or eave a family member that is currently serving in the military and ensuring that they are protected from certain discriminatory acts or harassment crimes. This also applies to the police force in terms of equality as they would assess how they would improve on the current affairs; there are many specific duties that are being carried out for example enabling equal opportunities for men and women when applying for a job within that station that can be a promotion.As stated above they do have duties but there are two types of duties that are created in order to ensure that all discrimination, reassessment, bullying etc is seen to accordingly or that there is some form of problem in regards to how we treat our personnel and their families.The first one is the General Duties now these are the ones that mostly come under the laws and regulations to see that they are not broken and carried out pro mptly, the second is the Specific Duties those are designated towards a direct objective or goal that has been put across the board on current procedures and policies, if they can change them to suit the needs of others and would it be appropriate or fair to do so depending on the rule.

Equus: Analysis Scenes 20 & 21

Equus scene 20 Introduction: First we will summarize the scene, after that we will analyze the following features. (we will be discussing scene 20 first). Summary: Dysart and Alan are in the office of Dysart, however they are pretending to be at the stables. Dysart asks questions to Alan and Alan answers all of them. Alan tells about his ritual in the stable. He does this ritual every time before he rides a horse. In this ritual he gives the horse sandals and the ‘’Chinkle-chankle’’. Later they go to the place of Ha Ha, which is a big field Alan describes to be full of mist and covered with nettles.Setting: The place is actually in Dysart’s office but they pretend to be in the stable. This is at night or late in the evening, which we can know because Dysart says: ‘’Dalton may still be awake’’ and because Alan says: ‘’he doesn’t like it so late’’. In this sentence he refers to ‘he†™ as Nugget the horse and ‘it’ as the ‘’Chinkle-chankle’’. The stable Alan talks about is home to a couple of horses, including Nugget. Plot development: This scene was actually very predictable. During the previous scene, so scene 19, the events in scene 20 were foreshadowed.In scene 19 Dysart asked many questions to Alan about his rituals with the horses. In this scene Dysart goes on with questioning and asks Alan to do the rituals that he told Dysart about in the previous scene. Alan accepted this and that is why they pretend to be at the stable. This scene builds up tension and again foreshadows what will happen in the next scene, because it has an open end. The next scene will probably be about the rituals too Character development: Alan is different in this scene. In the previous scenes, he did not like to give answers to Dysart’s questions.He wanted to ask him questions in return or he used tools such as the tape recorder. In t his scene Alan answers all of Dysart’s questions without being ashamed, without using tools and without playing games. Next to that, he seems to follow all of Dysart’s instructions without any hesitation. He is not the only character who has developed. Dysart has also developed. In the previous scenes he was someone who did not like his job. He said that he did the job because he had to. In this scene, Dysart seems very interested and wants to know more about Alan.He still is careful with Alan, but he has to watch out because he could become too curious and make actions without thinking about them. Themes: The theme of this scene is religion, because Alan tells more about his god equus. He tells us about the rituals which he has to do in order to ride on Equus. Language: The only striking about the language is that Alan uses the word â€Å"Ha Ha† to describe a place. Alan mysteriously tells Dysart: â€Å"It’s his place of Ha Ha†. Dysart does not as k for more information about this place, so we don’t get to know what happens there†¦ yet.Symbolism: The sandals in the scene are used as a symbol. He gives the sandals to the horse and he kisses them before he does that. There can be two views however. One of them is religious. Alan gives Nugget the sandals. Alan is a boy who knows a lot about the bible so he also knew that Jesus always wore sandals. In this way, Alan symbolizes Jesus. He sees the horse as Jesus. Therefore he gives the horse the sandals to wear, just like Jesus. The other view however is simply to reduce the noise that the horse makes. It is night and Alan wants to do his rituals and ride on the horse.This will make a lot of noise. So in order to prevent people from noticing this or prevent to wake them up, he gives sandals to the horse. Equus scene 21 Summary: Alan and Dysart move on to the huge field. Alan goes on with his rituals. He completely undresses in front of the horse. Next to that he gets hi s ‘’Manbit’’. It is a sacred stick on which he bites. After that he touches the horse everywhere; On its belly, ribs, flank, eyes etc. After that Alan offers Nugget some sugar, in order to take his sins away. Then he mounts the horse and he says that it hurts because of little knives in his skin.Alan calls himself ‘’The king’’ and says that only he can ride Equus, the mightiest of horses. The king (Alan) tramples all of his foes and after that he says: ‘’Equus I love you’’ and ‘’Make us one person! ’’. Finally he drops of the horse to the ground and ends with: ‘’Amen’’. Setting: Alan and Dysart are still in the office of Dysart, however they are still pretending as if they weren’t. Now they pretend to have walked to the huge field. This huge field is full of mist. They went from the stable to the field so we can assume that it is still dark ou tside.We can also assume that it is night because Alan told us in the previous scenes that he does his rituals during the night. It probably is not very cold, otherwise Alan would have had difficulties to stay outside without his clothes. There is also a gate and a tree in the field. We know this because Alan mentioned it. Plot development: This scene is in chronological order with the previous scene. So it was predictable that Alan would go on with his ritual. But the ritual itself was very surprising. It turned from a simple ritual to a very extreme one.We can see that some of these rituals come from Christianity. Alan bows for his god Equus and he talks about sins. The tension from the previous scene gets to its climax where Alan has an intense moment riding Nugget. After that, the action drops significantly when Alan says: â€Å"Amen†. Character development: Alan was already excited during the previous scene, but we have not seen him this excited yet. There is no sign lef t of the shame that Alan had previously. He reveals everything. In the previous scene he just demonstrated a part of his rituals, but now he has shown the extremes of his ritual.He stands firmly behind his thoughts and he shows his love towards his god, Equus. It seems as if he has turned into a radical believer of his own religion. Dysart is still very curious and does not show any signs of feeling weird. He acts as if everything is normal, as if he is a child wanting to know more about football. From all the sentences that Dysart says, only 2 do not end with a question mark. This shows that Dysart is very curious. Theme: The themes of scene 21 are religion and normality. In this scene we learn a lot about the rituals and the religion of Alan.That is why one of the themes is religion. The rituals can be seen as weird. It challenges our sense of what is normal and what is not. With the help of this scene the writer wants to standardize our view on the strange. That is why the second theme of scene 21 is normality. Language: Alan’s use of the language is very striking. He does not use colloquialism. Instead he uses very holy and sacred words. He has created a lot of names for his religion. When Dysart asks him about who his enemies are, Alan gives a lot of new names. He tells us that he is the king and therefore he talks like a king.He also uses heroic language such as: ‘’Equus the Mighty rose against all! ’’ and ‘’His enemies scatter, his enemies fall! ’’. Symbolism: The sugar that Alan gives to the horse is a symbol that is linked to Christianity. By giving the sugar, he offers up his sins to Equus. So the sugar stands for sins. He says that this is his last supper, which refers to the last supper of Jesus. Conclusion: Finally, we could say that scene 20 and 21 are quite strange scenes. We discover what the real Alan is like and we get to understand him better. Especially scene 21 seems to be a very important scene for the whole play,